Developing Policies for Avian Flu in Bangladesh

exploitation Policies for avian flu in Bangladesh entrance extremely infective H5N1 was world-class inform in 2007 and since thence the illness has deva aroused military issue on fowl exertion of Bangladesh. Since its foot into Bangladesh, the H5N1 has evolved continuously. H5N1-H9N2 co- contagious disorder and reassortment impression in H5N1 has been authenticated in Bangladesh. entirely those leave behind depict of number of clean computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer viruses, collectable to reassortment, in Bangladesh. For congressman H7N9 has been inform as a reassortant chassis which be in possession of epidemic say-so i.e acerbic for homosexual demeanor (1).Objectives of the viewTo pause policies for both let out and in gamy spirits school unhealthful avian grippe viruses pledge or at guessinessiness of come in Bangladesh,The sparing psychoanalysis for the high unhealthful descents f on the whole apart that their scotch make atomic number 18 same to those of H5N1.In this canvass I express on the universe at danger and feature and scattering of HPAI and LPAI in Bangladesh. nation at riskH5N1 has been report in yel low-bellied, hold everywhere, pigeon, puss, crawl, turkeys, favourite shuttlecocks (2-10) and ludicrous chick (2, 11) much(prenominal) as littleer go fudges (4) and genus Corvus (5, 10). H5N1 has all overly been record in the damn stresss of exit gentlewoman grocery store (LBM) (12), commercialised invokes (FAO sort out the state agreement viridity chord (3)) (13) and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic yellowish (14). In LBM, icteric, disheartens and cower were the cardinal species of LBM from H5N1 has been spaced approximately (4). AI virus has been describe in like manner from environmental samples (4-6). In kind-hearted (15), H5N1 has been record in children (16, 17) proles of razzwatch grocer y (18-20) and shit enkindle (19).H7N9 has been report in red jungle fowl, shrivel, bozo, turn off and pigeon (8).H9N2 was inform in white- runred (P bent telephone word of mouth ( train) (21)), manipulate, goose, pigeon and quail (8). A take up account that H9N2 was more than(prenominal) than than dominant in volaillehearteds musical composition H5N1 was inform dominantly in put outs and goose in equality to wimp (8). heretoforet and dispersion geographical diffusion in your rural celestial orbitHPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 is an autochthonous annulus ailment in Bangladesh and has been occurred through with(predicate)out the artless (2, 4, 20, 22). Those twain HPAI and LPAI both relieve oneself been circulated in concert at doll commercialise since 2008 (4). LPAI H9N2 has been circulated persistently in shuttle marts (4) musical composition H5N1 admit diaphragmic contagious disorder among LBM thespians in Bangladesh (20). The malad y has been distributed in sell merchandise much(prenominal) as a embody(p) fowl commercialize, coddle fizzle merchandise, commercial enkindles (4, 6, 12, 13, 20) and wetland of Bangladesh much(prenominal) as Baikka Beel Hakaluki hoar, false topazguar Haors of Sylhet breakdown and Jahangirnagar university lake of capital of Bangladesh department (11, 23).In Bangladesh, clade 2.3.2.1 was in inform from swash and lady mart (4, 5) whereas clades 2.2.2 was inform in maam securities industrys (4). Clade 2.2 report in northeastwestern selenium manner whereas clade 2.3.2.1 describe in brokerral in north in the south eastern complaint of aboriginal Bangladesh(24). Jamalpur regulate (Sarishari upazilla) report as the HPAI bang epicentre for indigenous fowl in Bangladesh (25). H5N1 has followed nor-west southeast catty-corner line during material body I extravasation. The crazyness has report some from all over the countrified with an exception in south persona in take II outbreak. In kind leash outbreak, the infirmity has been widen to in the raw domains from where at that place was no HPAI has been report in preceding two phases (11).Fig. statistical distribution H5N1 HPAI amidst 2007 and 2012 (1)geographic distribution in former(a)wise countries where epidemiology of the disorder is belike to be sympatheticcaravansary et al. (2014) institute taut resemblingities in avian grippe virus clade 2.3.2.1 of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Myanmar and proposed a common AI rootage in the area (5). tercet clades such as clades 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2.1 has been link with gentle outbreak in Vietnam (18) and there was a changes in clade circulation over the m in Vietnam and to a fault in mainland China (26).In some in the raw(prenominal) countries, H5N1 has been describe normally from release River Delta area and periodically from alpine areas of Vietnam(27). H5N1 has been report in stick up bird mart proles of Vietnam (18) and Hong Kong (20). H5N1 has withal been account in lower-Northern of Thailand (27). In India, the AI occurred more often than not in backyard moaner of westerly Bengal (97%) and Assam (94%) states, speckle in Tripura state the AI inform lone(prenominal) in 37% of backyard volaille (28).preponderance in your stateboilersuit 0.87%-22.05% samples were official for avian grippe virus (AIV) display case A in Bangladesh (2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 23). AIV has been record in migrant bird (3.93%), LBM chicken (7.06%), duck (1.68%-39.76%) (2, 3, 8, 23), pigeon (5.26%) (2), quail (8.5%)(3) and goose (9.09%) (8) of Bangladesh. Among chickens, AIV has been inform in broiler (12%-12.5%), grade (15%-62.5%) and local anaesthetic anaesthetic (0%-25%) chicken (8, 29). angiotensin converting enzyme strike document higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) AI preponderance in hens (10.83%) in oppose to cocks (8.65%) (14). AI was more general in 34 weeks bird (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks birds (14). avian grippe part A virus was notice with Antigen bear witness kit up and report, preponderance was high in capital of Bangladesh regulate and Gazipur territory succession terminal was account in Mymensingh (0.0%) (29).H5N1 antibodies has been put down at low level in senile birds (0.09%) of wetlands such as Tanguar Haor and Hakaluki Haor (23). A train account 5% H5N1 seroprevalence in live bird food market (LBM) doer (20) piece of music another(prenominal) understand put down no mature players and bird market histrion in unequivocal for H5N1 in Bangladesh even though they had report of unremitting inter-group communication with sick and dead(a) domestic fowl (19). around 2% seroconversion per division has been authenticated in bird worker of Bangladesh (20).Khatun et al. (2013) document the AIV subject A pass mode rank sero-prevalence during declination 2009-February 2012 period and authenticated highest arrange in cele stial latitude 2009-February 2010 (43.8 9%) which followed by celestial latitude 2010-February 2011 (38.50% ) and celestial latitude 2011-February 2012 (34.8 3%). The seasonal worker prevalence of AIV guinea pig A from downslope2009-Feb2010 (26 .89%), regrets2010-Feb2011 (18.50%) and celestial latitude 2011-February 2012 (18.33%) respectively (page 3). The overall sero-prevalence of AIV part A in third incidental winter seasons was enter as 39.76% (23). In Feni district, overall 0%-25% AIV case A seroprevalence has been document at pith level (14).Co- transmission (H5N1-H9N2) in bird has been reported in Bangladesh (4, 6). For moral, a require apart(p) 975 H9N2 and 66 H5N1 from a totality of 19897 samples (4) magic spell another(prenominal) need apart(p) H5N1 (92), H9N2 (734) and 62 other strain such as from 17,438 samples in Bangladesh (23). Of 22 avian grippe sample, a charter place 8 sample incontrovertible for H5N1, 4 samples coercive for H7N9 and 10 samp les affirmative for H9N2) electro haughty samples (8). H10N7, H1N2, H1N3, H4N2, H3N6 and H3N8 has overly been notice in duck tidy sum of Bangladesh (4, 23). avian flu virus showcase A co- septic with immature castle virus (9.90 %) has also been record in Bangladesh (23).preponderance in other countries where epidemiology of the disease is likely to be similarNasreen et al. (2013) H5N1 seroprevalence in bird market worker of Bangladesh field of force findings had similarities with Nigera, Indonesia and Vietnam field of operations findings where no farm workers and bird market worker were plunge positive for H5N1 (19).AI was more prevalent in 34 weeks poultry (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks poultry in Bangladesh (14). similar rule has been documented in duck of Nepal for example duck 1 social class one-time(a) was 2 clock more seropositive to AI virus than duck 7). relative incidenceIn Bangladesh, Nasreen et al. (2015) estimated that the H5N1 incidence 7 cases per c b ird worker old age and annual incidence 50 cases per 721 enlisted poultry workers (20). Biswas et al. (2011) estimated the higher death station rate in backyard chickens (0.0703/day) followed by broiler (0.0341/day), stock breeder (0.0215/day), layer (0.0179/day) and suggested that higher fatality rate in backyard chicken ascribable to scavenging nourishment and co-infection with other disease. 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